Live webinar briefing

Fixed Income WebinarBuilt as a branded market briefing page for tonight's board walkthrough

This page reframes the uploaded deck into an institutional narrative: what the market is signaling now, where the refinance pressure is concentrated, and why fixed-income strategies can be selective in this cycle.

Executive readout

What this briefing says in plain language

Construction pipeline is cooling

Permits and supply signals indicate the wave that pressured rents is likely behind us.

Debt maturities are not a one-quarter event

The maturity wall extends into 2027+, creating an elongated period of refinancing pressure.

Coupon reset changes borrower behavior

Higher replacement rates force recapitalizations and open up basis-sensitive debt opportunities.

Positioning favors structured fixed income

Selectivity, collateral quality, and structure matter more than broad market beta right now.

Chapter 01 · Slide 1

Housing permits (new construction indicator)

This chart shows U.S. housing permits peaking around 2021-2022 and then declining into 2025. Permits are a leading indicator of future construction, so this downward trend signals that new supply will slow in the coming years. That reduction in pipeline is critical for understanding where the market is heading next.

Why it matters: Fundamental supply pressure is easing, which can improve multifamily income durability.

Source: Census / HUD

U.S. Housing Permits (Thousands of Units)

2025: 1,350k
1100120013001400150016001700180020152016201720182019202020212022202320242025YearPermits

Source: U.S. Census / HUD

Chapter 01 · Slide 2

Building permits vs starts

Recent data shows starts can jump while permits remain weak. That divergence matters because permits are the cleaner leading indicator of future supply, and they still suggest a slower construction pipeline ahead.

Why it matters: Fundamental supply pressure is easing, which can improve multifamily income durability.

Source: Census / HUD

Building Permits vs Housing Starts (2021-Mar 2026)

Mar 26
Permits: 1,372k
Starts: 1,502k
1,1001,2001,3001,4001,5001,6001,7001,8001,900Jan 21Jan 23Jan 25Mar 26Jan 22Jan 24Feb 25TimeUnits (thousands, SAAR)
Permits Issued
Starts

Source: U.S. Census Bureau / HUD (Apr 2026)

Chapter 01 · Slide 3

Multifamily housing starts

Multifamily starts surged during the low-interest-rate environment and peaked shortly after 2021. Since then, starts have declined as financing costs increased. This indicates that developers are pulling back, which will reduce future apartment supply after the current wave is delivered.

Why it matters: Fundamental supply pressure is easing, which can improve multifamily income durability.

Source: Multifamily starts trend

Multifamily Housing Starts

2025: 370k
Peak: 2022 (500k)
Drawdown: -26%
300325350375400425450475500201520162017201820192020202120222023202420252022: 500k2025: 370kYearStarts (thousands)

Source: U.S. Census / HUD (multifamily starts series)

Chapter 01 · Slide 4

National median rent levels

Median asking rent has declined from the peak, but remains materially above early-cycle levels. That persistence signals that the reset is normalization, not a full reversion, which matters for income durability assumptions.

Why it matters: Fundamental supply pressure is easing, which can improve multifamily income durability.

Source: Apartment List / Rentec Direct

National Median Asking Rent (2019-2025)

2025: $1,370
Peak: $1,420
Off peak: -$50 (3.5%)
$900$1,000$1,100$1,200$1,300$1,400$1,500Peak $1420Current $13702019Late 2020Early 20222023Mid 20242025Early 20202021PeakEarly 2024Late 2024Time
Source: Apartment List / Rentec Direct

Chapter 01 · Slide 5

National rent growth cycle

National rent growth cooled sharply after the 2021-2022 peak, but recent stabilization suggests the market may be nearing a base. Historically, this phase often precedes reacceleration once new supply pressures fade.

Why it matters: Fundamental supply pressure is easing, which can improve multifamily income durability.

Source: National rent trend series

National Rent Growth (%)

2025: 2.5%
Peak: 2021 (7.0%)
Rebound vs trough: +0.3 pts
2.0%3.0%4.0%5.0%6.0%7.0%Peak 7.0%Trough 2.2%20152016201720182019202020212022202320242025
Source: National rent trend series

Chapter 01 · Slide 6

CRE vacancy by sector

Sector dispersion remains wide in CRE: office vacancy is structurally elevated while multifamily and industrial fundamentals are more resilient. This split reinforces why asset selection and underwriting specificity are critical.

Why it matters: Fundamental supply pressure is easing, which can improve multifamily income durability.

Source: CBRE / Federal Reserve / NAR

CRE Vacancy Rates by Sector

Active quarter: Q1 2025
0%5%10%15%20%25%Q1 2024Q2 2024Q3 2024Q1 2025
Office: 19.6%
Multifamily: 8.1%
Industrial: 6.8%
Retail: 3.8%

Source: CBRE / Federal Reserve / NAR

Chapter 01 · Slide 7

Multifamily market size outlook

The multifamily housing construction market remains large and on a long-term growth trajectory, even with cyclical volatility. That backdrop supports sustained capital demand for projects and refinancing solutions across the sector.

Why it matters: Fundamental supply pressure is easing, which can improve multifamily income durability.

Source: Business Research Company

Multifamily Housing Construction Market Outlook

CAGR 2026-2030: 10.7%
2026: $1,002.6B
$800B$1,000B$1,200B$1,400B$1,600B$9192025$10032026$11252027$12682028$13962029$15082030

Source: Business Research Company

Chapter 01 · Slide 8

Multifamily maturity wall and refinancing pressure

Refinancing risk in multifamily and broader CRE remains elevated as a large block of maturities rolls through 2025-2027. Even with extensions, the volume of debt coming due creates pressure that can produce attractive debt-basis opportunities.

Why it matters: Fundamental supply pressure is easing, which can improve multifamily income durability.

Source: Buchanan Street Partners / Kaplan Group

CRE Loan Maturity Wall (2025-2027)

2025: $957B
2025 vs 20Y Avg: +$607B
$0B$250B$500B$750B$1,000B$957B2025$539B2026$550B2027$350B20Y Avg

Source: Buchanan Street Partners / Kaplan Group

Chapter 01 · Slide 9

National rent and supply growth

National supply growth is tapering from post-pandemic highs while rent growth appears to be re-stabilizing. This relationship is important because moderating new deliveries can shift pricing power back toward existing inventory over time.

Why it matters: Fundamental supply pressure is easing, which can improve multifamily income durability.

Source: CoStar / BLS / Gray Capital Analysis

National Rent and Supply Growth

Supply: 2.1%
Rent: 1.6%
0.0%0.5%1.0%1.5%2.0%2.5%3.0%3.5%Q12023Q22023Q32023Q42023Q12024Q22024Q32024Q42024Q12025Q22025Q32025Q42025Q12026Q220260.0%2.0%4.0%6.0%8.0%10.0%12.0%RentGrowthSupplyGrowth
National Supply Growth ForecastNational Supply GrowthNational Rent Growth ForecastNational Rent Growth

Source: CoStar / BLS / Gray Capital Analysis

Chapter 01 · Slide 10

Marcus & Millichap supply and demand trends

Completions are rolling over from elevated levels while demand and vacancy indicators trend toward equilibrium. As this process continues, asset-level cash flow visibility can improve for new capital entries.

Why it matters: Fundamental supply pressure is easing, which can improve multifamily income durability.

Source: Marcus & Millichap

Multifamily Supply and Demand Trends

26**
Completions: 290
Net Absorption: 250
Vacancy: 4.9%
-2500250500750171819202122232425*26**0%2%4%6%8%
CompletionsNet AbsorptionVacancy Rate

Source: Marcus & Millichap

Chapter 01 · Slide 11

Average monthly multifamily rent vs new home mortgage payment

The projected path of mortgage payments versus multifamily rent continues to favor renting in many markets. That spread acts as a demand tailwind for apartments and supports long-duration rental fundamentals.

Why it matters: Fundamental supply pressure is easing, which can improve multifamily income durability.

Source: CBRE

Average Monthly Multifamily Rent vs New Home Mortgage Payment

Rent: $2,250
Mortgage: $3,000
$1,200$1,600$2,000$2,400$2,800$3,200$3,600200220042006200820102012201420162018202020222024Forecast
Multifamily RentNew Mortgage Payment

Source: CBRE

Chapter 02 · Slide 12

Recovery timeline by high-supply market

High-delivery metros are on different timelines, but many show a clear transition path from oversupply and negative rent growth toward stabilization. Timing dispersion creates opportunity for selective market exposure.

Why it matters: A prolonged maturity wall can force recapitalizations, creating select fixed-income entry points.

Source: CBRE

Recovery Timeline for High-Supply Markets

Active market: Charlotte
Peak deliveries: Q3 '25
Q3 '23Q4 '23Q1 '24Q2 '24Q3 '24Q4 '24Q1 '25Q2 '25Q3 '25Q4 '25Q1 '26Q2 '26Q3 '26AustinTampaRaleighAtlantaSan AntonioJacksonvilleDallasCharlotteSalt Lake CityNashvilleFort WorthFort LauderdaleOrlandoDenverPhoenixRiverside
Increasing vacancy, negative rent growth
Declining vacancy, negative rent growth
Declining vacancy, positive rent growth
Stable vacancy, positive rent growth
Peak annual deliveries

Source: CBRE

Chapter 02 · Slide 13

Mortgage payment vs multifamily rent multiplier

Across many metro areas, owning remains significantly more expensive than renting on a monthly basis. This affordability gap supports renter demand and can sustain multifamily occupancy through cyclical transitions.

Why it matters: A prolonged maturity wall can force recapitalizations, creating select fixed-income entry points.

Source: CBRE

Cost Multiplier: New Mortgage Payment vs Multifamily Rent

Los Angeles
2024: 2.50x
2029: 2.25x
Compression: 0.25x
1.00x1.25x1.50x1.75x2.00x2.25x2.50x2.75xLos AngelesAustinOrange CountySF Bay AreaSalt Lake CitySeattleSan DiegoPhoenixNashvilleDallasLas VegasRaleighHoustonDenverBostonMinneapolisAtlantaWashington, D.C.OrlandoNew YorkPhiladelphiaChicagoMiamiNation
20242029

Source: CBRE

Chapter 02 · Slide 14

Commercial real estate maturity wall ($950B in 2024, peak in 2027)

The maturity wall is not a single-year event. With very large balances maturing through 2027, refinancing pressure remains durable and supports a multi-year deployment window for private fixed-income capital.

Why it matters: A prolonged maturity wall can force recapitalizations, creating select fixed-income entry points.

Source: S&P Global Market Intelligence

Commercial Real Estate Maturity Wall

2027: $1257B
Peak year: 2027 ($1257B)
$0B$300B$600B$900B$1,200B$1,400B709B2023946B2024998B20251148B20261257B20271138B2028

Source: S&P Global Market Intelligence

Chapter 02 · Slide 15

Refinancing rate gap: maturing vs newly originated loans

Newly originated CRE mortgage rates remain meaningfully above rates on maturing loans. That spread reset compresses DSCR and can force sponsors to inject equity, accept lower proceeds, or seek alternative financing.

Why it matters: A prolonged maturity wall can force recapitalizations, creating select fixed-income entry points.

Source: S&P Global Market Intelligence

Average CRE Mortgage Interest Rate Comparison

Originated 2024: 6.2%
Gap: +1.9 pts
0%1%2%3%4%5%6%7%4.3%Maturing 20246.2%Originated 2024

Source: S&P Global Market Intelligence

Chapter 02 · Slide 16

CRE mortgage spreads vs U.S. Treasury

CRE mortgage spreads have widened versus Treasuries, reflecting tighter risk pricing and higher financing costs. For disciplined lenders, spread expansion can improve return potential on well-underwritten deals.

Why it matters: A prolonged maturity wall can force recapitalizations, creating select fixed-income entry points.

Source: S&P Global Market Intelligence

CRE Mortgage Spreads vs U.S. Treasury

CRE: 6.7%
5Y Tsy: 4.1%
Spread: 2.6 pts
0%1%2%3%4%5%6%7%8%JanMarMayJulSeptNovJanMarMayJulSeptNovJanMarMayJulSeptNovJanMarMayJulSeptNovJanMarMayJulSeptNovJanMarMayJulSeptNovJanMarMayJulSeptNov2018201920202021202220232024
Average CRE mortgage rateAverage 5-year U.S. Treasury

Source: S&P Global Market Intelligence

Chapter 02 · Slide 17

Office share of maturing CRE debt

Office risk remains a meaningful component of maturing debt, but it is only one part of the broader maturity stack. Sector-level differentiation is essential when assessing refinancing and credit outcomes.

Why it matters: A prolonged maturity wall can force recapitalizations, creating select fixed-income entry points.

Source: S&P Global Market Intelligence

Office Share of Maturing CRE Debt

Amount: $87B
Share: 9.5%
0204060801002023202420252026202720280%2%4%6%8%10%12%
Amount of office mortgages maturing ($B)Office / total CRE maturing (%)

Source: S&P Global Market Intelligence

Chapter 02 · Slide 18

Multifamily deliveries: oversupply narrative

The recent oversupply narrative is largely explained by a historic delivery surge in 2023-2024. As new deliveries decelerate, the market can absorb excess units and re-balance into a healthier rent environment.

Why it matters: A prolonged maturity wall can force recapitalizations, creating select fixed-income entry points.

Source: Multifamily deliveries trend

Multifamily Deliveries (Oversupply Story)

2025: 392k
Peak: 2022 (440k)
25030035040045020152016201720182019202020212022202320242025

Source: Multifamily deliveries trend

Chapter 02 · Slide 19

Multifamily supply wave and vacancy

The multifamily supply boom appears to have peaked, while vacancy is still normalizing. This combination can create short-term noise but often sets the stage for improved rent trajectories in later periods.

Why it matters: A prolonged maturity wall can force recapitalizations, creating select fixed-income entry points.

Source: Fannie Mae / Apartment List / Census

Chart 5 - Multifamily New Supply Deliveries and Vacancy Rate (2019-2025)

New units: 480k
Vacancy: 7.2%
01002003004005006007007502019202020212022202320242025 est.3%4%5%6%7%8%
New units deliveredVacancy rate

Source: Fannie Mae / Apartment List / Census

Chapter 03 · Slide 20

Nearly half of property debt maturing by 2026

A substantial share of CRE debt matures by 2026 across property and lender categories. This concentration increases the probability of recapitalizations, modifications, and restructuring transactions.

Why it matters: Repriced markets favor disciplined underwriting over broad risk-taking.

Source: CoStar / Mortgage Bankers Association

A Look at CRE Loan Maturities by Property and Lending Type

Active: Multifamily (Property)
2024-2026 share: 31%
Percent of Total By Property Type0%20%40%60%80%100%HotelIndustrialOfficeRetailMultifamilyPercent of Total By Lender Type0%20%40%60%80%100%CreditCMBSBanksLifeCoGSE
2024
2025
2026
2027
2028
Later

Source: CoStar / Mortgage Bankers Association

Chapter 03 · Slide 21

Debt exposure by lender cohort (Bloomberg)

Bank balance sheets continue to carry significant CRE exposure across upcoming maturities. Lender positioning affects extension behavior, disposition velocity, and the terms available in refinancing negotiations.

Why it matters: Repriced markets favor disciplined underwriting over broad risk-taking.

Source: Bloomberg / Trepp / Federal Reserve

Debt Exposure by Lender Cohort

2028
Total shown: $427B
$0B$50B$100B$150B$200B$250B$300B202320242025202620272028
Banks: $240B
CMBS: $35B
Life Companies: $62B
GSE: $90B

Source: Bloomberg / Trepp / Federal Reserve

Chapter 03 · Slide 22

First American transaction and pricing snapshot

Transaction and pricing indicators from major market datasets suggest stabilization is emerging after the repricing phase. While uneven by segment, this pattern often marks the early stage of a new deployment cycle.

Why it matters: Repriced markets favor disciplined underwriting over broad risk-taking.

Source: First American / MSCI

First American Transaction and Pricing Snapshot

Dec-24: Volume $142B
Multifamily YoY: 1.0%
Transaction Volume Has Increased Gradually Compared to 2024Quarterly Transaction Volume by Asset Class (USD in Billions)050100150200250300350Dec-17Dec-18Dec-19Dec-20Dec-21Dec-22Dec-23Dec-24Price Growth Has Stabilized for All Asset ClassesYear-Over-Year Price Appreciation by Asset Class-40%-30%-20%-10%0%10%20%30%Dec-17Dec-18Dec-19Dec-20Dec-21Dec-22Dec-23Dec-24

Top panel legend

Office · Industrial · Retail · Multifamily · 5-yr pre-pandemic average

Bottom panel legend

Recession · Office - CBD · Office - Suburban · Industrial · Retail · Multifamily

Source: MSCI Real Capital Analytics (First American snapshot)

Chapter 03 · Slide 23

Value of U.S. commercial real estate

Despite cycle volatility, U.S. commercial real estate remains one of the largest institutional asset classes globally. Scale and capital intensity support long-run demand for debt and structured capital solutions.

Why it matters: Repriced markets favor disciplined underwriting over broad risk-taking.

Source: The Real Estate Roundtable

Spread: 28.3T
Market cappublicly tradedcompanies$50.8TValueof commercialreal estate$22.5T

Source: The Real Estate Roundtable

Chapter 03 · Slide 24

CRE mortgage maturities (clean-view version)

The cleaned maturity profile reinforces the same core dynamic: large annual refinancing needs persist for years. This overhang is a structural driver of financing demand, not a transient headline.

Why it matters: Repriced markets favor disciplined underwriting over broad risk-taking.

Source: S&P Global Market Intelligence

CRE Maturity Wall (Clean View)

2027: $1257B
Peak: 2027 ($1257B)
$0B$300B$600B$900B$1,200B$1,400B709B2023946B2024998B20251148B20261257B20271138B2028

Source: S&P Global Market Intelligence

Chapter 03 · Slide 25

Cumulative CRE price change since peak

Price resets across appraisal and transaction-based measures indicate the repricing process has already occurred in many pockets of CRE. Lower basis can improve risk-adjusted outcomes when paired with conservative structures.

Why it matters: Repriced markets favor disciplined underwriting over broad risk-taking.

Source: FS Investments

Cumulative CRE Price Change Since Peak

Appraisal-based: -19.0%
Transaction-based: -10.5%
0%-5%-10%-15%-20%-25%Apr-22Oct-22Apr-23Oct-23Apr-24
Appraisal-basedTransaction-based

Source: FS Investments

Chapter 03 · Slide 26

Overall vacancy and asking rent

Vacancy has risen from cycle lows while asking rent growth has moderated, reflecting a balancing market rather than systemic deterioration. As deliveries roll off, these indicators can improve together.

Why it matters: Repriced markets favor disciplined underwriting over broad risk-taking.

Source: Cushman & Wakefield

Overall Vacancy and Asking Rent

Rent: $1,860
Vacancy: 8.3%
$1300$1400$1500$1600$1700$1800$1900$20002020 Q12021 Q12022 Q12023 Q12024 Q13%4%5%6%7%8%9%
Asking Rent (Monthly)Vacancy Rate

Source: Cushman & Wakefield

Closing narrative

Strategic implication for fixed-income allocations

If supply decelerates while refinance stress remains elevated, the market can produce selective credit opportunities with better structural protections than broad risk-on positioning. The objective is not to predict a perfect turn; it is to underwrite durable cash flow, covenant strength, and basis discipline while the repricing cycle is still in motion.

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